Resistance to a highly aggressive isolate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a Brassica napus diversity set

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a serious problem in the UK and worldwide. As fungicide‐based control approaches are not always reliable, identifying host resistance is a desirable and sustainable approach to disease management. This research initially examined the aggressiveness of 18 Sclerotinia isolates (17 S. sclerotiorum, one S. subarctica) on cultivated representatives of B. rapa, B. oleracea and B. napus using a young plant test. Significant differences were observed between isolates and susceptibility of the brassica crop types, with B. rapa being the most susceptible. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates from crop hosts were more aggressive than those from wild buttercup (Ranunculus acris). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolates P7 (pea) and DG4 (buttercup), identified as ‘aggressive’ and ‘weakly aggressive’, respectively, were used to screen 96 B. napus lines for SSR resistance in a young plant test. A subset of 20 lines was further evaluated using the same test and also in a stem inoculation test on flowering plants. A high level of SSR resistance was observed for five lines and, although there was some variability between tests, one winter OSR (line 3, Czech Republic) and one rape kale (line 83, UK) demonstrated consistent resistance. Additionally, one swede (line 69, Norway) showed an outstanding level of resistance in the stem test. Resistant lines also had fewer sclerotia forming in stems. New pre‐breeding material for the production of SSR resistant OSR cultivars relevant to conditions in the UK and Europe has therefore been identified.     

Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in smooth leaf pruning wounds of tomato does not depend on major disease signalling pathways

In high‐tech, heated tomato glasshouses, stem infections caused by Botrytis cinerea usually end up girdling the stem, resulting in plant death and consequently high economic losses. Such infections originate primarily from wounds created during leaf pruning, a common cultural practice in which it is intended to remove leaves completely, resulting in smooth stem wounds. However, hasty leaf pruning often results in numerous petiole stubs accidentally left behind. In this study analysis of disease incidences clearly proved that pruning leaves flush to the stem resulted in absolute resistance of the stem wounds, whereas petiole stubs displayed a high level of susceptibility to B. cinerea. Postponing inoculation of wounds after pruning indicated that development of nearly complete resistance occurs within 48 h after deleafing. Monitoring of the wound wetness period showed that drying of the wound surface is not the cause of the decreased susceptibility, contrary to what was commonly believed. Tomato mutants deficient in disease signalling showed altered phenotypes for susceptibility to B. cinerea, indicating that defences against this pathogen in petiole stubs depend on ethylene signalling. Additionally, the decreased susceptibility of mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of jasmonates and abscisic acid suggest an antagonistic effect of these signal molecules. On the other hand, resistance of smooth stem wounds could not be altered by disruption of salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonate or abscisic acid signalling. This indicates that this remarkable absolute resistance to B. cinerea does not depend on the major disease signalling pathways.     

模拟降雨条件下谷子和冬小麦植株对降雨再分配过程的影响

以谷子（ Setaria italica）、冬小麦（ Triticum aestivum Linn 。）为研究对象,利用人工模拟降雨测定了不同降雨强度和生长阶段两种作物植株的穿透雨,采用人工喷雾法测定了不同生长阶段的冠层截留,根据水量平衡法计算了不同观测阶段的茎秆流。结果表明：谷子、冬小麦冠层对降雨的再分配作用显著,谷子冠下穿透雨率平均约为79％,茎秆流率平均约为20％,冠层截留率平均约占1％;冬小麦冠下穿透雨率平均约为79％,茎秆流率平均约为19％,冠层截留率平均约占2％。在其全生育期内,两种作物冠下穿透雨与茎秆流呈彼此消长趋势。穿透雨量和茎秆流量与降雨强度呈显著正相关关系,但是穿透雨率和茎秆流率与降雨强度的关系不显著。茎秆流量和冠层截留量及其二者占总降雨量的比率均与作物叶面积指数呈显著正相关关系,但穿透雨量及穿透雨率随叶面积指数增加呈显著下降趋势。     

生态疏伐对华北落叶松林分结构和生物多样性的影响

森林抚育对调整林分结构、促进林木生长都具有极大作用。为了解抚育对华北落叶松林分结构和林下物种多样性的影响,以承德市第三乡林场华北落叶松—白桦混交林为研究对象,采用对比分析的方法,对生态疏伐前后的林分结构、径阶分布和生物多样性进行了探讨。结果表明:生态疏伐后林分平均胸径增加2.1cm,平均树高稍有变化,林分密度从疏伐前的1 365株/hm~2下降到900株/hm~2;生态疏伐前,直径分布曲线呈左偏,6~16径阶林木数量占总数的42.6%;疏伐后,6~16径阶林木株数占总株数的21.3%,直径分布稍向右偏,更趋于正态分布;疏伐后,林下物种的Simpson和Shannon-Wiener指数均有所增加,Pielou均匀度指数在1号、4号、5号样方内有所下降,2号、3号样方内呈增加趋势,且3号样方的Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Pielou均匀度指数涨幅均最大,分别比抚育前增加了0.373、0.834和0.203。     

钻石海棠茎段的组织培养技术研究

为了建立钻石海棠的组织培养快繁体系,以钻石海棠单芽茎段为外植体,以MS为基础培养基进行组织培养研究,结果表明:5月份为单芽茎段外植体获取的最佳时间,此时污染率和死亡率都低,分别为15.3%和9.4%;最佳丛生芽诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0mg/L+NAA 0.1mg/L,诱导率为60.7%;最佳增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L,暗培养2周,增殖系数为4.65;生根培养基以1/2MS+IBA0.2mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L较好,平均根长为6.3cm,生根率为97.2%。     

影响马铃薯单叶节茎段形成腋芽薯的因素

探讨东农303马铃薯组培栽植苗不同状态下的单叶节茎段对腋芽薯形成的影响,并对腋芽薯形成过程中叶片中叶绿素和N、P、K含量变化进行研究。结果表明,1.0倍液MS大量元素浇灌栽植的植株单叶节茎段形成腋芽薯效果最佳,移栽40d植株的上部单叶节茎段形成的腋芽薯重为0.79g;植株下部的茎段,扦插5d即可形成腋芽薯;去顶芽6d的植株上部茎段形成的腋芽薯重为0.93g。腋芽薯形成过程中,叶绿素a和b含量呈下降趋势,下降幅度较大时期分别为扦插后3~5d和4~5d,但叶绿素a和b间比值较平稳。扦插苗叶片中K含量最高,P含量最低,且腋芽薯形成过程中,N、P、K含量变化均呈下降趋势。     

蒙古栎天然次生林改培大径级材技术研究

在吉林蛟河地区开展蒙古栎天然次生林改培育大径级材林试验,结果表明:松江林场的天然次生蒙古栎林改培效果最为明显,其每年胸径增长量为0.44cm,平均增长率为5.59%,材积每年平均增长率为6.73%;不同立地条件及不同间伐强度对培育大径级材林影响差异显著,最佳间伐强度为28%,最佳立地条件为西南坡或南坡,胸径生长量最佳的为坡下,坡度为4°的长势良好,郁闭度为0.9的改培育效果最好。     

顺昌县不同径阶阔叶树保留木资源调查与分析

通过2012—2013年顺昌县大历镇阔叶树保留木资源调查分析,结果表明:不同径阶阔叶树保留木的株数分布整体上呈"L"形,每个径阶阔叶树保留木达200株以上的主要分布于径阶为6~14cm之间,共有1 499株,占总数的73.37%;径阶16cm以上保留的株数仅占总数的26.63%。阔叶树保留木中间层中径木,共有1 978株,占总数的96.82%;上层大树仅65株,仅占总数的3.18%。不同径阶的阔叶树保留木蓄积量分布基本上呈正态分布,径阶5~14cm阔叶树保留木蓄积量为63.82m~3,占总保留木阔叶树蓄积量187.29m~3的34.08%;径阶16cm以上的阔叶树保留木蓄积量为123.47m~3,占总保留木阔叶树蓄积量的65.92%,是径阶5~14cm阔叶树保留木蓄积量1.93倍。阔叶树中间层中径木蓄积量为146.08m~3,占总蓄积量的78%;上层大树蓄积量为41.21m~3,蓄积量占总数的22%。阔叶树保留木胸径5~14.9cm共需补偿3 191元,胸径15cm以上需补偿12 347.00元,大历镇阔叶树保留木共需补偿15 538.00元。阔叶树保留株数平均值为138.6株?hm~(-2),阔叶树蓄积量保留平均值为12.75m~3?hm~(-2),阔叶树保留木不炼山造林成本从造林至郁闭前需投资27 000元?hm~(-2)。     

不同地理种源南酸枣苗期生长性状差异分析

对来自9个省(区)的36个南酸枣种源在江西省林业科学院苗圃地进行了育苗试验。结果表明：两次调查结果均显示,36个南酸枣种源的树高和地径均存在极显著差异。来自福建南靖、福建南平、江西高安和湖南地区南酸枣的平均树高与地径均高于群体平均值,生长表现较好,可进行进一步的选优研究。     

粤西地区西南桦优良无性系早期选择

对粤西地区27个3 a 生西南桦（Betula alnoides）无性系进行调查测定,分析其生长和干形因子的差异,应用相对排序法进行综合评价,进而初步筛选优良无性系。结果表明,27个西南桦无性系间胸径、树高、冠幅和干形等级均呈极显著差异(P<0.01),其均值分别为4.96 cm、4.32 m、2.58 m 和1.78;4个性状的变异系数为18.86%~40.88%,重复力为0.08~0.24。通过综合评价筛选出 FB2、A13、B1、Q2、Q4和 FB4共6个生长较为迅速、树干通直且较为圆满的西南桦优良无性系,其胸径、树高和冠幅均值分别比群体均值高7.62%、8.08%和5.50%,其干形等级值低18.87%,这些无性系可在粤西、桂东等地区推广应用。